Individually distinctive features facilitate numerical discrimination of sets of objects in domestic chicks
Scientific background
Similarly to month-old human infants, baby chicks (and other animal species) discriminate sets on the basis of the number of items. They discriminate between small numbers 2 vs. 3 as well as between large numbers 4 vs. 12 or 6 vs. 9, nevertheless they fail in discriminating 3 vs. 4 identical objects. Such limitation has been considered the key-signature for the system in charge of processing small numbers (the Object File System).
The research question
We wondered whether adding to each object individually distinctive features, allowing for individual processing, would improve chicks’ performance in the critical 3vs.4 discrimination.
The experiment and the results
To test arithmetic abilities in day-old chicks we exploited their tendency to develop a social attachment toward the stimuli they are reared with. We reared chicks with seven objects.
After some hours they show clear signs of social attachment: chicks stand close to them, follow them if they move and look for them if they disappeared.
At test, each chick was initially confined in a transparent box from there it could see two identical panels, one on the left and one on the right side. Objects identical to those experienced during rearing were presented one at a time and disappeared behind either panel.
Three objects disappeared behind a panel and four behind the other; 1+1+1 vs.1+1+1+1.
When objects were all identical, as expected, chicks performed at chance.2
iIn the remaining experiments, objects were different by their internal features. Chicks succeeded when the features were differently oriented segments.
Chicks failed when features were arranged so as to depict individually different face-like displays.
We hypothesized that category processing might have obscured processing of the individually different features characterizing each “face”. Is it really the face-like stimuli that make the task harder? By simply turning the faces upside-down we disrupted configured facial processing. We used the same face-like stimuli but rotated by 180˚. Chicks discriminated 3vs.4 inverted faces.
The success with inverted faces and the failure with upright ones, led us to conclude that it is not a stimuli’s complexity that explain our data.
Conclusions
The presence of features affects objects counting, favoring it solely when objects were characterized by features that do not resemble faces.
Scientific publication
Rugani, R., Loconsole, M., Simion, F. and Regolin, L. (2020). Individually distinctive features facilitate numerical discrimination of sets of objects in domestic chicks. Sci Rep 10, 16408. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73431-3